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32X 


J 


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1 

2 

3 

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1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Det( 


■     \ 


THE 
F 


WEISB 


I 


AN  ELEMENTARY  GUIDE 


TO 


Determinative  Mineralogy 


FOB  THE  USE  OF 

THE  PRACTICAL  MINERALOGIST  AND  PROSPECTOR,  AND 
FOR  INSTRUCTION  IN  SCHOOLS  AND  ACADEMIES, 

BASED  UPON  THE  METHOD  OF 

weisbacws  "tabellen  zur  bestimmung  der 

mineralien;' 

APPLIED  CHIEFLY  TO  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 


! 


A 


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C/GILBERT  WHEELER, 


:^^ 


Profeuor  in  the  University  of  Chicago. 


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CHICAGO:  "^- 

8.   .1.  WHEELER,   PUBLISHER. 

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PREFACE. 


It  is  now  usual  in  our  leudinp  academies,  ^\gh  schools  and  similar  education- 
al institutions  to  impart  instruction  in  the  natural  sciences,  not  merely  by  text- 
book and  class-room  drill,  but  also  by  means  of  actual  elementary  practice  in 
suth  experiments  or  observations  as  are  carried  on  by  those  who  devote 
themselves  to  the  investigation  of  natural  phenomena.  Heretofore,  these 
hours  of  practice  have  been  mainly  devoted  to  Botany  and  Zoology,  as  material 
in  these  departments  is  everywhere  at  hand  and  inexpensive.  Some  institu- 
tions have  also  added  somewhat  of  laboratory  practice  in  the  department  of 
Chemistry.  Most  teachers  recognize  that  by  these  methods  the  sciences 
themselves  are  studied,  and  not  merely  what  compilers  of  text-books  have 
collated  concerning  them. 

In  view  of  the  very  general  interest  at  present  taken  in  the  mineral 
development  of  our  country,  especially  in  our  Western  States  and  Territories, 
it  is  now  eminently  fit  that  the  students  at  our  better  institutions  should 
secure  some  slight  training  in  practical  mineralogy,  at  least  sufficient  to  enable 
them  to  recognize  the  more  important  minerals  and  ores.  It  is  no  longer 
difficult  to  obtain  specimens.  Few  schools  even  now  are  entirely  without 
them,  and  either  by  donation  or  exchange  the  collections  can  readily  be 
increased.  Many  dealers  supply  sets  of  minerals,  complete  enough  for  the 
ordinary  requirements  of  a  practical  course,  at  a  cost  of  but  a  few  dollars. 

In  this  work  minerals  not  found  in  the  United  States,  or  the  mining 
regions  of  Mexico,  are  for  the  most  part  omitted.  The  exceptions  are  such  for- 
eign species,  only,  as  are  found  in  most  collections.  By  thus  eliminating  min- 
erals rarely  encountered  it  is  claimed  that  this  little  manual  is  thereby  rendered 
much  more  useful,  as  it  often  o^^curs,  in  th6  use  of  larger  works,  that  more  time 
and  labor  are  required  to  .  .^f.rt&m  that  a  given  mineral  is  not  some  rare, 
foreign  one,  than  it  would  to  d(  vermine  half  a  dozen  ordinary  specimens. 

Throughout  the  work  the  names  of  species  and  the  physical  and  chemical 
characteristics  are  those  given  in  Dana's  Mineralogy. 

C.  GILBERT  WHEELER. 


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du 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  the  use  of  these  tables  where  the  lustre,  hardness,  streak,  color,  crystal- 
line form  and  cleavage  can  be  determined,  there  can  scarcely  be  any  difficulty  or 
need  of  explanation  as  to  the  method  of  procedure.  A  simple  inspection  of 
the  tables  themselves,  or  of  the  synopsis  of  their  arrangement,  on  the  page 
preceding  the  index,  will  make  a  detailed  explanation  quite  unnecessary. 

Where,  as  in  the  case  of  some  silicates,  etc.,  on  account  of  imperfect  crystal- 
lization, special  difficulties  present  themselves,  the  supplementary  tables  are 
added  where,  with  an  acid,  a  blow-pipe  and  a  couple  of  fluxes,  a  still  greater 
certainty  may  be  obtained  and  additional  species  recognized. 

In  general  it  may  be  remarked  : 

I.  The  indicated  nature  and  degree  of  lustre,  as  well  as  the  variety  of 
color,  are  invariably  those  of  fresh  fractures,  a  fact  which  the  beginner  should 
net  overlook,  especially  if  the  mineral  have  a  metallic  lustre. 

II.  Friable,  slightly  coherent  minerals  are  to  be  found  in  the  second  toble, 
their  streak  being  identical  with  their  color ;  in  rare  cases  some  of  them,  as 
magnetic  iron  ore  and  argentite,  are  in  the  first  series. 

III.  The  indicated  degree  of  hardness  are  average  amounts  with  reference 
to  crystalline  faces,  or, in  non-crystallized  minerals,  to  fresh  fracture  surfaces; 
this  is  to  be  considered  particularly  with  fibrous  or  scaly  minerals. 

IV.  The  scale  of  hardness  is  the  one  of  Mohs. 

V.  The  crystallographic  terms  are  those  of  Dana. 

It  has  been  deemed  expedient  to  distinguish  the  common  minerals  by 
larger,  the  more  rarely  occurring  by  smaller  type. 

The  numbering  of  the  species  it  was  believed  would  be  a  convenience  for 
such  as  might  desire  to  apply  the  classification  in  the  arranging  of  their 
collections.  * 


.jVliy-iw  >■#*>—■" — -'  ■ 


,1.    MINERALS  HAVING 


I. 


No. 


Name. 


COPPER 

2  i  Breitbanptite 
:;    HICCOLITE 


Hardness. 


Color. 


2'7.')         copper-red 
rt  copper-red 

5"25        :  light  copper-red 


Strbak. 


copper-red 
reddish  brown 
black 


No. 


Name. 

GOLD 

Electrum 

BOBNITE 

Millerite 

PYBEHOTITE 


Hardness.  | 

2-5 

2-5 

3 

3-3-6 

3-5-f5 


Color. 


Streak. 


gold-yellow  '  gold-yellow 

pale  yellow  .  pale  yellow 

copper-red  to  brown  gray  black 
bright  black 


9  i  CHALCOPYRITE      3  5-4 


10 


Homichlin 


n  1  PYRITE 


4 
6 


brasB-yellow  to 
bronze-yellow 

bronze-yellow 
brass-yellow 
bronze-yellow 
brass-yellow 


gray  black 
green  black 
black 
brown  black 


n. 


A 

R 


mi 
br 
br 


m 


VD 


bi 


b 
b 
b 
b 


L 


AVING 


A  METALLIC  LUSTRE. 


I. 


Red. 


Streak. 

ppor-red 
idish  brown 
ack 


Streak. 

)ld-yenow 
lie  yellow 
ray  black 
light  black 
ray  black 
reen  black 
lack 
irown  black 


n. 


m 


•^ 


Tenacity. 


Crystalline 
System. 


malleable 

isom. 

brittle 

hex. 

brittle 

hex. 

Yellow. 


Tenacity. 


malleable 

malleable 

brittle 

brittle 

brittle 

brittle 

brittle 

brittle 


Crystalline 
System. 


isom. 

isom. 

hex. 

hex. 

tetr. 

tetr.  (?) 

isometric. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


Fkacture  anu 
Cleavage. 


Remarks. 


G.  8-8. 
G.  75. 
G.  7-3-7-7. 


■  V* 

small  conchoidal  and 
uneven 

rhombohedral  and 
perfect 

granular 
uneven 
uneven 
uneven 


Remarks. 


G.  16  to  19-5. 
G.15-6. 

G.  4-4- 6-5.    . 

G.  4-5-5  7. 

G.  4-4.    Is  usually  at- 
tracted by  magnet. 

G.  41-43. 

G.  4-4-t-5. 

G.  5.    Strikes  fire  with 
steel. 


i 


.- iiw^jjtiSfe^wS^ftAv'^to'wi^ 


r 


wmmmm 


MINERALS  HAVING  A  METALLIC  LUSTRE. 


ni. 


No. 


Namb.  i  Hahdness. 


Color. 


12  I  Mercury 

i 

I 
i 

13  BISHXTTH 

1 
I 

14  TeUurium 


15 


SILVER 


16  i  Heasite 


17  !  ANTIMONY 


18    AltaitA 


19 


20 


21 


Domeykite 
ASSENIG 
Whitneyite 


Streak. 


fluid  tin-white 


2-25       ;  reddishi  white  gray 


2*6         !  tin-white 


2"5  i  silver-white 


tin-white 


silver-white 


2'5  gray  zinc-white        '  gray 


I 


tin-white 


3-25       i  tin-white 


3«6  tin-white 


3-6 


tin-white 


<i-K  grayish  to 

^  I  reddish  white 


tin-white 


tin-white 


gray  white 


dark  white 


reddish  white 


\ 


bi 

C( 


II 


E. 


ni. 


Streak. 


*y 


i-white 


ver-wbite 


ay 


n-white 


n-white 


;ray  white 


Jark  white 


reddish  white 


WHITE. 


White. 


Tenacity. 


Crystalline 
System. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


i 


brittle  when     hex. 
cold 


brittle 


hex. 


':  lateral  perfect, 
basal  imperfect 


ductile  isometric 


B 


sectile  orthorhombic 


very  brittle      [  hex. 


sectile 


indistinct 


basal  perfect 


isometric        '  cubic 


reniform  uneven 


> 


brittle 


rh. 


uneven  and 
fine  granular 


Rbharks. 


G.  13-5. 


G.  97. 


G.  9-4. 


G.  8-3. 


G.  6-6. 


G.  81. 


G.7. 


G.6. 


malleable         not  distinct    :  fresh  fracture  dull 


G.  7-6.    Rubbed  surfaces 
strongly  metallic 


jt  Ttiffi-'it-aM 


10' 


MINERALS  HAVING  A  METALLIC  LUSTRE. 


No. 

Name. 

Hardness. 

C0U)B. 

Streak. 

22 

Oendorffite 

5 

silver-white 

^ray  black 

23 

Lenoopyrite 

5-25 

silver-white 

gray  black 

24 

SMALTITE 

5-5 

tin-white  to  steel- 
gray 

gray  black 

25 

Arsenopyrite 

5-5 

silver-white 

dark  gray  black 

26 

Iridosmine 

6 

tin-white 

black 

bri 


bri 


ft        br 


br 


m 

wi 


IV. 


No. 

Name. 

Hardness. 

Color. 

Streak. 

27 

MOLTBSENITE 

1-25 

pure  lead-gray 

lead-gray 

28 

LEAD 

1-6 

lead-gray 

gray 

29 

Sylvanite 

1-5 

steel-gray 

steel-gray 

30 

Tetradymite 

1-76 

4 
pale  steel-gray 

pale  steel-gray 

31 

PTBOLVSITE 

2 

iron-black  to  dark 
steel-gray 

black  or  blue-black 

Bl 

n 
d 


B. 


Strbak. 

black 
'black 
r  black 
i.  gray  black 


IV. 


Stbbak. 


1-gray 


>l-gray 

e  steel-gray 

ck  or  blue-black 


GRAY. 


11 


Tknaoty. 


brittle 


brittle 


Crystallimb 
System. 


Fbactube  and 
Clbataox. 


t        brittle 


brittle 


malleable 
with  difficulty 


ISO. 


hex. 


ISO. 


uneven 


uneven 


Rbhabks. 


orthr. 


hex. 


octahedral  and  distinct 


uneven 


G.  7-6. 


G.  7-6. 


G.  7-6. 


G.6. 


commonly  in  irregular, 
flattened  grains. 


Gray. 


Tenacity. 


sectile  and  al- 
most mall'ble 


ductile  and 
malleable 


Crystalline 
System. 


hex. 


ISO. 


Fractubb  and 
Gleavaob. 


not  very  sec- 
tile. 


brittle 


mkl. 


hex. 


in  laminae 


Remarks. 


uneven 


laminiee  flexible. 


ortho. 


G.  7-4. 


G.  7-6. 


G.  7-6. 


G.  7*6.    Soils  paper. 


G.  7-4. 


LI 


1 


12f 


MINERALS  HAVING  A  METALLIC  LUSTRE. 


No. 


32 


Name. 


Hardness.  Color. 


STIBNITE 


r 


33    BISHUTHINITE       2  lead-gray 


lead-gray 


Streak. 


lead-gray 


lead-gray 


34    ABOENTITE 


35 


36 


2-25       i  black  lead-gray 


STEPHANITE  225 


'  black  gray  to  iron- 
black 


GALENITE 


2'5 


87    CHALCOCITE  25 


lead-gray 


lead-gray 


black  lead-gray 


iron-black 


lead-gray 


38 


39 


lead-gray 


Berthierite 


Dyscraaite 


40  iTETEAHEDBITE 


41 


Flatinnin 


2-3 


3'5 


dark  steel-gray  to     .       , ,    , 
pinchbeck-Wwn      "on-black 


gray  to  white  i  silver  whi+« 


3-4-5 


4-6 


light  flint-gray  to 
iron-black 


whitish  steel-gray 


se 


si 


4 


same  or  brown  red 


whitish  steel-gray 


E. 


Streak. 


i-gray 


i-gray 


ck  lead-gray 


n-black 


GRAY. 


'  Ceystallinb  j        Fracture  amd 
Tenacity.  System.  Cleavage. 


13 


sectile 


orthorh.  laminated 


slightly  brittle!  orthorb 


,d-gray 


id-gray 


m-black 


ver  whi*« 


me  or  brown  red 


hitish  steel-gray 


aectile 


180. 


uneven 


slightly  orthorh.  uneven 


oi; 


frangible  iso, 


sectile 


orthorh. 


prism,  or 
massive 


orthorh. 


slightly  brittle 


ductile 


isometric 
tetrahedral 


ISO. 


flat  or  even 


conchoidal 


granular 


uneven 


uneven 


hackly 


Remarks. 


G.  7-4. 


G.  7-6. 


G.  7-6. 


G.  7-6. 


G.  7-7. 


G.  7-5. 


G.  7-4. 


sometimes  tarnishes, 
yellow  and  blackish. 


G.  7-5. 


G.  7"6.  Occasionally 
magnetic-polar. 


1 


^mmigmz 


u 


MINERALS  HAVING  A  METALLIC  LUSTRE. 


No. 

Name. 

Hardnmb. 

Coi^B. 

Stbbak. 

42 
43 
44 

Iron 

SMALTITE 

Hematite 

4-5 
5-5 
5-5    . 

iron-gray 

tin-white  to 
steel-gray 

dark  steel-gray 
iron-black;  where 
earthy,  is  red 

shining 

gray  black 

cherry-red  or 
reddish  brown 

di 


bi 


bi 


V. 


No. 


46 


46 


47 


48 


49 


60 


51 


Name. 


GSAPHITE 

Folybasite 

Stephanite 

Stromeyerite 

Hiargryrite 

Enargite 

Ooloradoite 


Habdmbss. 


COLOK. 


2-3 


2-25 


2-5 


2-6 


iron-black 
dark  steel-gray 

iron-black  in  thin 
crystals, 
cherry  red 

black  pray  to 
iron-black 


black  to  steel-gray 


iron-black 


iron-black  to 
grayish 


iron-black 


Streak. 


black,  shining, 
soils  paper 


iron-black 
iron-black 
shining 
cherry-red 
grayish  black 


• 


Pi» 


j_ 


ElE. 


BLACK. 


15 


Stbbak. 


ining 


ay  black 


lerry-red  or 
ddish  brown 


V. 


Stbkak. 


ack,  shining, 
ils  paper 


on-black 
on-black 
lining 
lierry-red 
rayish  black 


Tenacity. 

Crystallinb 
Ststfm. 

Fbactukb  and 
Cleavaor. 

Remabks. 

ductile 
brittle 
brittle 

iso. 
iso. 
rhomb. 

hackly 

uneven 

uneven 

magnetic 

G.  7-6. 

Bometimes  attracted  by 
magnet. 

Black. 


_  Crystalline 

Tenacity.  ^^^^j,^^ 


thin  laminse 
flexible 


PM 


britUe 


hex. 


ortho. 


massive 


ortho> 


mkl. 


ortho. 


amorph. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


sectile 


uneven 


none 


Bub-chon. 


sub-conch. 


uneven 


sub-conchoidal 


Remarks. 


G.  7*2.    Feels  greasy. 


G.  7-6. 


G.  7-7. 


G.  7-6. 


G.  7-5. 


G.  7-4. 


G.  8*6.    Decrepitates. 


16 


MINERALS  HAVING  A  METALLIC  LUSTRE. 


No. 


Naiob. 


Habdmbsb. 


52    Tenorite 


63    Melaoonite 


54    Manganite 


55    Hausmannite 


56    MAGNETITE 


57    Menaooanite 


58    Chromite 


59 


60 


61 


Vranklinite 


Hematite 


Tantalite 


Ck>LOR. 


5-5 


5-6 


5-5 


6-6-5 


gray  black 


iron-gray  to 
gray  black 


iron-black  to 
dark  steel-gray 


brown  black 


iron-black 


iron-black 


iron-black  to 
brown  black 


iron-black 


Streak. 


gray  black 
solus  fingers 


gray  black 
soils  fingers 


reddish  brown  to 
black 


chestnut-brown 


black 


black  to  red  brown 


brown 


dark  red«brown 


dark  steel-gray 
iron-blacl:;  where 
earthy,  is  red 


black 


cherry-red  and 
reddish  brown 


brown  black 


Bligl 


■W 


\    slig' 


slig 


bril 


bri 


bri 


. 


bri 


bri 


bri 
an 


L 


IE. 


Strbak. 


IT  black 
1(9  fingers 


»y  black 
ils  fingers 


ddiah  brown  to 
ack 


estnut-brown 


ack 


lack  to  red  brown 


rown 


ark  red'brown 


iherry-red  and 
eddish  brown 


)rown  black 


T 


_         _        Crystalline 
Tenacity.  g^^^^^^ 


slightly  brittle:  hex. 


i 


slightly  brittle 


ISO. 


brittle 


brittle 


brittle 


. 


brittle 


brittle 


brittle,  scaly 
and  fibrous 


brittle 


tetra. 


ISO. 


rhom. 


ISO. 


ISO. 


rhom. 


BLACK. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


17 


Remarks. 


slightly  brittle  ortho.  i  uneven 


uneven 


Bub-conch. 


conch. 


uneven 


conch. 


uneven 


orthorh.  conch 


G.6. 


G.  7'fi. 


•  G.  7-4. 


G.  7-4. 


G.  7-4. 

Strongly  magnetic. 


G.  7-4. 

Slightly  magnetic. 


G.  7-4. 

Slightly  magnetic. 


G.  7-5. 

Slightly  magnetic. 


Sometimes  att'd  by 
magnet. 


7-8.    No  change 
before  belowpipe. 


T 


r 


II.   SUB-METALLIC 

WITH  BLACK,  BROWN,  RED,  YELLOW, 

I 

I.    Black 


No. 


62 


Namk. 


Hakdmsss. 


1-25 


63 


64 


65 


Aaphaltom 
MIKEBAL  COAL!     25 


66 


67 


68 


69 


Anthracite 

Petzite 

Sphalerite  or 
Blende 

Ilvaite 

Psilomelane 

Bratmite 


2-5 


2-5 


3-5 


LUSTRK. 


...     ^,    ,     -4  1  black,  browniflh 

like  black  pitch       i  ^^^ 


Color. 


dull  t    brilliant 
earthy,  resinous  or 
sub-metallic 


lustre  bright,  sub- 
metallic. 


iron-black 


resinous  to  adaman- 
tine 


black  to  dark  brown 


black 


black 


brown,  yellow, 
black,  red,  green, 
white. 


M 


GRI 


Sti 


Stre 


brown- 


black 


black 


grayisl 


prayisl 

fto  red< 

Town 


6'6  Bub-metallic 


6-6 


6-25 


sulvmetallic 


sub-metalUc 


iron-bUick,  dark  f>l««kt 

grayblack  P'^ro 


iron-black  to  dark 
steel-gray 


dark  brownish 
black 


jrown 
ihinio 


lark  I 
ah  bli 


T 


^TALLIC 


MINERALS, 


RED,  YELLOW,     GREEN  OR  BLUE  STREAK. 


I.    Black 


Color. 


black,  browniflh 
black 


black  to  dark  brown 


black 


black 


brown,  yellow, 
black,  red,  green, 
white. 


iron-black,  dark 
I  grayblack 


iron-black  to  dark 
steel-gray 


dark  brownish 
black 


Streak.     (All  are  opaque.) 


rr,  Ceystalline  Fracturk  and 

bTREAK.  Tenacity.    ^     gysxEM.     i    Cleavage.    I 


Rkmarks. 


brown-black 


black 


amorph. 


black 


brittle 


very  brittle 


Mineral  pitch.  Meltn 
at  90°  and  burns  with 
bright  flame. 


I        ,    „ „      G.l.  Infusible  to  sub- 


.  ,■  Burns  with  feeble 

amorph.        conchoi.  j,^^,^  ^j.  ^  p^,^  ^.^j^^^ 


grayish  black 


Etyish  black 
|b  reddish- 
3rown 


black  to  green 
at  brown 


>rown  black, 
ihining 


lark  brown- 
sh  black 


brittle 


brittle 


brittle 


brittle 


orthorh. 


ISO. 


ortho. 


amorph. 


tetra. 


prismatic 


conch. 


uneven 


Soluble  in  a^ua  regia 
with  separation  of 
silver  chloride. 


G.  7-4.    Sub-fusible. 


uneven 


G.  7-3. 


G.  7-4. 


G.  7-4. 


•^^^smvzTr-- 


.  .':  .•  vi  i3.Si^'frJ^.S(ihtSir.-ft'.4V  :-". 


-;a. ;..■;«-,  ,.,  ii.j);Ji»faa8gi.-,j4yjJgl 


2ft 


SUB -METALLIC   MINERALS. 


n.    Brownish 


Strei 


Color. 


Ozocerite 
71    Hepatic  Cinnabar 


Brown  Coal 

(Lignite) 


Chrysocolla 

74  SPHALEKITE 

(Blende) 

75  GOETHITE 

76  LIMONITE 

77  Wolframite 

78  SiphyUte 

79  Psilomelane 

80  Ratile 

81  Cassiterite 


2-2o 


2-fi 


3-75 


5-25 


5-25 


5-26 


o'to 


buo 


6-25 


waxy 


greasy,  inclined  to 
metallic 

greasy 

greasy  to  vitreous 


resinous  to  adaman 
tine 


imperfect  adaman- 
tine 


greasy  to  glassy 


yellowish  green, 
brown  ana  black 

liver-brown 
brown  to  black. 


green,  blue  green, 
blue. 


brown,  yellow, 
black,  red,  green 


Stri 


yellow 
toblac 


^browni 

brown 

impur 
to  ola 
white 

reddif 


resinous,  pseudo- 
metallic 


yellow,  reddish  am 
blackish  brown 


dark  brown  to 
brownish  yellow 


grayish  or  brown- 
ish black 


dark  brown  to  red 


•  "browi 
low,  c 
yelloA 


6-5 


metallic  adaman- 
tine 


adamantine 


yelloi 


dark 
brow 


cinni 
brow 
gray 


steel-gray  to  iron- 
black 

reddish  brown  to 
red.  yellow,  blue, 
violet,  black,  rarelj 
grass  green. 

brown  or  black,  re( 
gray,  white  or  yeV 


bro^ 


pale 


whil 
isb, 


BROWNISH  STREAK. 


21 


n.    Brownish 


Streak. 


Color. 


o 


lan 


an- 


yeliowish  green, 
brown  and  black 

liver-brown 
brown  to  black. 


green,  blue  green, 
blue. 


brown,  yellow, 
black,  red,  green 


Streak. 


yellow  brown 
to  black 


^brownish 

brownish  bl'k 

impure  brown 
to  olack,  pure 
white 

reddish  br'wn 


Tenacity. 


CJrystalunk 
HysTEM. 


slightly  brit- 
tle 


slightly  brit- 
tle 


lo- 


yellow,  reddish  am 
blackish  brown 


dark  brown  to 
brownish  yellow 


grayish  or  brown- 
ish black 


dark  brown  to  red 


^'brownish  yel- 
low, ochre 
yellow 


in- 


yellowish  br'n 

dark  red 
brown  to  bl'ck 

cinnamon- 
brown  to  pale 
gray 


steel-gray  to  iron- 
black 

reddish  brown  to 
red.  yellow,  blue,  ! 
violet,  black,  rarelj 
grass  green. 

brown  or  black,  re( 
gray,  white  or  yeV' 


brownish  bl'k 


pale  brown 


brittle 

brittle 

brittle 

brittle 

brittle 

very  brittle 

brittle 

brittle 


amor  ph. 

amorph. 

amorph. 

amorph. 

iso. 

ortho. 

amorph. 

ortho. 

ortho. 

amorph. 


Fractukk  ani> 
Cleavage. 


Remarks. 


white,  gray- 
ish, brownish 


brittle 


tetr. 


tetr. 


uneven 


Sometimes  green  iHh 
by  transmitted  light. 


Combustible. 


(}.  71.    Combustible, 
conch.,  sect  ilej  <?.  2. 


conch. 


(},  :?■». 


uneven 
conch. 


sub-conch., 
uneven 

sub-conch., 
uneven. 


G.  .S-fi. 


G.  7'l-735.    Some- 
times weak  magnetic. 

4-89.     Heated,  glows 
brilliantly  and  be- 
comes yellow. 


G.  3-7-4-7. 


G.  4-18-4-20. 


G.  6-7-71. 


itm..i!%~:::j' 


■rtHfiiirijii 


SUB-METALLIC  MINERALS. 


m. 


No. 


Name.  Hardness.  Lustre. 


82  I  Erythrite 


83    CINNABAR 


84 


Proustite 


85    Pyrargryrite 


80 


88 


Chrysocolla 


CUPRITE 


Zinoite 


89    HEMATITE 


1 .7R      '  pearly 

^   "        adamantine 


2-25 


225 


2-25 


adamantine 


adamantine 


metallic 
adamantine 


3-6 


4-25 


Color. 


crimson,  peach- 
red,  pearl,  green 
igray 


cochineal-red 


cochineal-red 


black  to  cochineal- 
red 


(F 

C{ 


ill 


'  green,  blue  green, 
greasy  to  vitreous    ,  blue 


adamantine 


various  shades  of 
red 


sub-adamantine       :  deep  red 


.  „.    ^         lu        dark  steel-gray  to 
5-5         I  metallic  to  earthy     iron-black. 


WITH  REDDISH  STREAK. 


2S 


ni.        Reddish  Streak. 


Color. 


crimson,  peach- 
red,  pearl,  green 

gray 


cochineal-red 


cochineal-red 


black  to  cochineal- 
red 


I  green,  blue  green, 
1  blue 


various  shades  of 
red 


I    ^  Crystallink  Fracture  anu 

Streak.  Tenacity.    |     gygTEM.     l    Clbavagk. 


Ml 


deep  red 


dark  steel-gray  to 
y     iron-black. 


(paler  than 
color) 


scarlet 


cochineal-red 


cochineal-red 


impure 
brownish 
to  black, 
pure  white 


several  shades 
of  brownish 
red  shining 


orange-yellow 
to  yellow  red 


cherry  red, 

reddish 

brown 


laminss  flex- 
ible 


mono.  sectile 


Remarks. 


brittle 


brittle 


brittle 


brittle 


rhomb. 


sectile 


rhomb.  uneven 


rhomb. 


amorph. 


ISO. 


conch. 


G.  2'9. 


G.  8-9. 


G.  5-4. 


G.  57. 


conch.,sectile 


sub-conch, 
uneven 


hex.  sobKionch. 


G.2. 


G.  5-9. 


G.5. 


rhomb. 


sub-conch, 
uneven 


G.  4-5-5-3. 
Sometimes  magnetic. 


24 


SUB-METALLIC  MINERALS- 


IV.    Yellowish 


g 


No. 


90 


91 


Namk. 

J 


Hakdness.  Lustbk. 


(JOLOR. 


93 


94 


95 


Orpimect 


NATIVE  SUL- 
PHUR 


Antonite 


SPHALERITE 

(Blende) 


Palagonite 


Limonlte 


9U    Gothite 


)7    Cassiterite 


IT)         '  pearly,  resinous        lemon-yellow 


]  T."!  resinous 


sulphur-yellow 


^.  citron  to  sulphur- 

2'25        1  sub-adamantine         yellow 


:j-75 


4"5 


0"A) 


0-20 


«•"> 


resinous  to  adaman-  brown,  yellow, 
tine  black,  red,  green 


vitreous  or  greasy 


silky  to  dull  earthy 


imperfect  adaman- 
tine 


amber-yellow, 
brown  yellow, 
garnet-red,  black 


various  browns 
to  yellow 


yellowish,  reddish, 
blackish  brown 


adamantine  when     brown,  black,  red, 
in  crystals.  i  gray,  whitish  yellow 


' 


I, 


■««.!>  M  I JMHI  ■ 


YELLOWISH  STKEAK. 


25 


Yellowish 


( !OL0R. 


mon-yellow 


ilphur-yellow 


tron  to  sulphur- 
ellow 


rown,  yellow, 
lack,  red,  green 


mber-yellow, 
Town  yellow, 
:arnet-red,  black 


rarious  browns 
o  yellow 


irellowish,  reddish, 
3lackish  brown 


brown,  black,  red, 
gray,  whitish  yellow 


Streak. 


Streak.  Tenacity. 


Crystalline  Fracture  and  Rkmarks. 

System.         Cleavage.    , 


(paler  than        laminie  Hex- 


color) 


yellow,  red- 
dish, greenish 


ible 


ortho.  sub-sectile        0. 3-4.    Electric. 


!         yellowish 


reddish  br'wn 


brittle 


yellow,  brown  y^jittlg 
yellow 


yellow  brown  ,  brittle 


brownish  yel- 
low, ochre- 
yellow 


white,  gray- 
ish brown, 
yellowish 


brittle 


brittle 


ortho.  sectile 


ortho. 


ISO. 


!  conch. 


amorph. 


compact 
fibrous  and 
amorph. 


ortho. 


tetr. 


(i.2. 


(i.  3. 


Bub-conch., 
uneven 


(i.  3-9  to  4-2.  Electric, 


opaque. 


G.  3-6.  Often  stalac- 
titic  , 


«.  4. 


G.  6-4  to  7.8.  Botry- 
oidal  and  reniform. 


■: 


26 


SUB-METALLIC  MINERALS. 


V.    Oreen 


No.  Name. 

98  '  Olaneonite 
90   Johannite 

100  ANITABEBGITE 

101  MuBCOTite 

102  Thuringite 

j 

103  Stilpnomelane 

104  Oenthite 

105  Malachite^ 

lOG   Pieado-Malaohite 
107    TTraninite 


Hakdnkss. 


Lustre. 


Color. 


I  blacki8hgreen,olive 
dull  to  glifltening     |  green, yellow  green, 
I  gray  greeu 


2*25         vitreous 


2-25 


2-25 


2-5 


3-4 


3-5 


3-75 


4-75 


more  or  less  pearly 


ofscales,  pearly;  of 
mass,  dull,  greasy 


vitreous 


adamantine,  vitre- 
ous 

adamantine  to  vit- 
reous 


b-n  greasy,  pitch-like 


emerald-green, 
apple-green 


apple-green 


white,  gray  brown, 
pale  green,  violet, 
yellow,  green,  rose- 
red. 

olive-green,  pista- 
chio-green 


black,  green  black, 
yellow  bronze, 
green  bronze 


pale  ai)ple-green, 
yellowish 


bright  green 


dark  emerald, 
blackish  green 


greenish,  velvet-bl'k 


I 


' 


V.    Oreen 


COLOB. 


BckishgreeiiiOlive 
een, yellow  green, 
ay  greeu 

nerald-green, 
jple-green 


>ple-green 


hite,  gray  brown, 
ale  green,  violet, 
ellow,  green,  rose- 
3d. 

live-green,  pista- 
hio-green 


•lack,  green  black, 
'ellow  bronze, 
;reen  bronze 


)ale  apple-green, 
rellowish 


bright  green 


dark  emerald, 
blackish  green 


greenish,velvet-bl'k 


T 


-^^fVaW!^■<^t^:i(y>^j'#;-^^g^^a*wm■«^^J^a.«Wl«  -  vofsmt&t,' '. '  ■m\ 


GREEN  STREAK. 


27 


Streak. 


Streak.      1    Tenacity. 


CrYSTALLINeIFbACTURE  AND;  Remabkb. 

System.         Cleavage. 


(same) 


(paler  than 
color) 


gr'nish  white 


colorlessjind 
light  green 


(paler  than 
color) 


(same) 
^nish  white 
paler  green 


green  (paler 
than  color) 


olive-green, 
bla'k,  grayish 


soft 


amorph. 


mono. 


monocl. 


mono. 


G.  2  to  2-4.  Granular. 


G.  3.    Bitter  taste. 


very  tough    '  amorph. 


uneven 


hex. 


fragile 


amo 


G.  2-7.    Usually  in 
scales. 


G.  3-15. 


'  G.  3.    Foliated  or 
fibrous. 


,  falls  to  pieces  ^,    „  _ 


brittle 


monocl.         uneven 


ortho. 


iso. 


uneven  -  G.  4*3. 


uneven 


G.  3-5.    Ck>lors  flame 
green. 


G.  6-4.    Infiisible. 


^■»i'.JS8^S>i,:S:" 


28 


SUB-METALLIC  MINERALS. 


6.  Blue 


No. 


Name.  .Haronebs. 


108    Vivianite 


109    Chrysocolla 


110 


AZTTBITE 


Lustre. 


Color. 


3-5 


111  LAPIS  LAZULI 


l-.j  pearly  to  vitreous    '  white,  dirty  blue 


;i  vitreous,  earthy 


vitreous 
adamantine 


vitreous 


laountain-green  to 
sky-blue 


azure-blue, 
Berlin-blue 


Berlinlorazure-blue, 
violet-blue,  red, 
green 


■l^vt:K.rJtfrT^y 


BLUE  STREAK. 


29 


6.  Blue 


Color. 


,  dirty  blue 


tain-green  to 
lue 


-blue, 
i-blue 


n^orazure-blue, 
i-blue,  red, 


■ 


Streak. 


Streak. 


Tenacity. 


CRYSTALUNKiFRACrURK  ANI)|  REMARKS. 

System.  Ci^avage. 


blue  white,        Inminic 
indigo-blue        flexible 


blue,  pure        [  sometimes 
white  brittle 


(lighter  than 
color) 


brittle 


mono. 


sectile 
dichroic 


(amorp.)      !  sectile,  conch 


G.  2-7. 


G.  2.    Never  fibrous. 


mono. 


ISO. 


ionch.  G.  3-5.  Often  earthy. 


uneven  G.  2*3 


1 


r 


III.  MINERALS  OF  WHITE 


I.    Very 


No. 

1 
Name. 

Hardness. 

LCSTRE. 

Color. 

112 

Leidyite 

? 

waxy,  silky 

green,  bluish  green 

113 

Smectite 

very  soft. 

dull,  streak  shining 

white,  gray,  green, 
brownish 

114 

Talo 

1 

pearly 

apple-green  to 
white,  silver-white 

115 

J 

Tsohermigite 

(Ammonia  Alum) 

1 

vitreous 

white 

116 

CEBASGTRITE 

1-2 

resinous  to  adaman- 
tine 

pearl-gray,  gray, 
green,  whitish 

117 

Pyrophyllite 

1-5 

pearly 

white,  green,  gray, 
yellowish 

118 

JBFTERISITE 

1-5 

pearly 

brown,  yeUow 

119 

ALUNOOEN 

1-5 

vitreous,  silky 

white  tinged  with 
red  or  yellow 

I 


HITE 


I.    Very 


Color. 


bluish  green 


,  gray,  green, 
lish 


green  to 
,  silver-white 


gray,  gray, 
,  whitish 


,  green,  gray, 
rish 


1,  yellow 


tinged  with 
r  yellow 


OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


J 


Soft. 


Tenacity. 


Crystallink 

System. 


(amorn.) 
clay-like 


laminte,  flex;    ortho. 
ible,  not  elastic 


ISO. 


ISO. 


laminse,   flex- 
ible, not  elastic 


micaceous 


(sub-transpa- 
rent) 


ortho, 


ortho.  (?) 


monocl 


Remarkh. 


greasy 


feel. 


G.  2-5. 
rent. 


soluble. 


Sub-tranapa- 


G.  5-5.      Streak   silvery 
shining. 


G.  2-7.    Greasy  feeL 


G.  2-3.     Exfoliates  pro- 
digeously. 


G.  1-6.    Tastes  like  com- 
mon alum. 


-"^'-'^siJKSS'r???'"' 


32 


MINERALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


No. 


Name. 


Hardnk8s.  Lustre. 


Color. 


120    Arsenolite 


121    Kaolinite 


122    Sal  Ammoniao 


123    Mirabilite 


124    GYPSUM 


125  I  ;ii  isoovite 


12« 


NITRE 


127    Halotriohite 


128    Goslarite 


12!)    EFSOMITE 
(Epsom  salt) 


1-75 


]-5 

vitreous,  silky 

175 

pearly 

1-75 

vitreous 

i       1-75 

vitreous 

pearly,  shining, 
sub- vitreous 


pearly 


vitreous 


silky 


vitreous 


vitreous 


white,  pale  yellow 


white,  fsray-white, 
yellowish 


white,  yellowish, 
grayish 


white 


white,  gray,  flesh- 
red,  honey-yellow, 
ochre-yellow,  blue 
black,  brown,  red 

white,  gray,  brown, 
pale  green,  violet, 
yellow,  (rose  red) 


white 


yellow  white 


white,  bluish 
reddish 


white 


Color. 


hite,  pale  yellow 


hite,  f?ray-white, 
ellowieh 


hite,  yellowish, 
rayish 


hite 


rhite,  gray,  flesh- 
ed, honey-yellow, 
nhre-yellpw,  blue 
lack,  brown,  red 

ifhite,  gray,  brown, 
lale  green,  violet, 
ellow,  (rose  red) 


irhite 


ellow  white 


vhite,  bluish 
eddish 


vhite 


1 


VERY  SOFT. 


33 


Tenacity. 


('kykiallink 
Systkm. 


IBO. 


scales  are  Ilex-    q^jj,,, 
ible,  inelastic 


soluble 


ISO. 


monocl. 


monocl. 


(lamina),  flex-     ^^^^^ 
ible, very  tough) 


brittle 


pulverulent  on 
exposure 


brittle 


ortho. 


ortho. 


FRACrniK  AND 
("l.KAVAOE. 


Kkmakks. 


fibrous,  tough 


G.  3-6.    Botryoidal  or 
stalactitic. 


G.  2'4  to  20.    Transpar- 
ent to  translucent. 


'  G.  1">.   Taste  saline, 
pungent. 


(transparent)  '  G.  1-4.    Taste  cool  then 

(opaque)  feebly  saline  and  bitter 


very  distinct 


G.  2'3.    Transparent  to 
opaque. 


(e^vsily  split  into        g^^J  J-^^P"*'"*  ^" 
laminie)  ,  translucent. 


G.  1'9.    Taste  saline  and 
(sub-transparent)       cooling. 


fibrous 


Taste  inky,  astringent. 


G.  2.    Taste  metallic, 
astringent,  nauseous. 


G.  1-7.    Bitter  saline. 


34 


MINERALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


No.  Name. 


130    Kalinite 

(Potash  alum) 


131   Sepiolite 

(Meerschaum) 


132    Borax 


133    Cerolite 


134   Fenninite 


135    Sucoinite 
(Amber) 


136 


137 


138 


Hardness.  Lcstrb. 


Hydroziiioite 


Bruoite 


BIOTITE 


Color. 


22  vitreous 


p..,-  (smooth  feel  or 

,  clay-like) 


2*2o         vitreous,  resinous 


1  139   Halite 

■  (Common  salt) 


2-25 


2-25 


2-25 


2-26 


2-5 


2-5 


2-5 


resinous 


pearly,  vitreous 


vitreous,  resinous 


dull 


pearly,  waxy  and 
vitreous 


white 


gray,  white,  yellow 
or  red  tinge 


white,  grayish, 
bluish 


greenish,  yellowish, 
reddish,  white 


green  less  common, 
red,  yellow  and 
white 


yellow,  red,  brown, 
whitish 


white,  gray,  yellow 


white,  gray,  blue, 
green 


,      ,     ,  ,        green  to  black, 

splendent,  pearly      J^y^jy  ^i^jte 


vitreoua 


white,  yellowish, 
reddish,  bluish 


:ak. 


VERY  SOFT. 


35 


Color. 


Tenacity. 


Crystallink 
System. 


white 


gray,  white,  yellow 
or  red  tinge 


white,  grayish, 
bluish 


greenish,  yellowish, 
reddish,  white 


green  less  common, 
red,  yellow  and 
white 


yellow,  red,  brown, 
whitish 


white,  gray,  yellow 


white,  gray,  blue, 
green 


green  to  black, 
rarely  white 


white,  yellowish, 
reddish,  bluish 


(opaque) 


brittle 


ISO. 


(feels  greasy) 


laminse  flexible, 
not  elastic 


(transparent) 


(earthy,  chalk- 
like) 


laminse  flex- 
ible 


elastic 


brittle 


(compact) 


monocl. 


(amorph.) 


rhom. 


(amorph.) 


(amorph.) 


rhom. 


hex. 


ISO. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


KEMARK8. 


conch. 


conch. 


perfect  basal 


sub-ch. 


(sectile) 


perfect 


G.  17.    Infusible,  de- 
crepitates. 


in  dry  masses,  floats  on 
water. 


G.  1-7.  Taste  sweet  a^' 
line. 


G.  2-3.    Does  n 
to  tongue. 


G.  2-6  to  2-i  '     Pseudo- 
morphs  aflci  iiorn- 
blende  occur. 


G.  1.    Electric  on  firic- 
tion. 


G.  3-5  to  3-8. 


G.  2-3. 


G.  2-7  to  3-1. 


G.  21.    Decrepitates. 


36 


MINERALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


No. 


Name. 


Hardness.!  Lustre. 


140  PHLOGOPITE 

141  IGlauberite 

142  Caledonite 

143  Deweylite 

144  Lepidolite 

145  Chrysocolla 


No. 


146 


147 


148 


149 


Name. 


Color. 


2-5 


2-5 


.  „.    yellow,  brown,  br'n 
pearly,  sub-metaliici  Jg^j^  green,  white 


vitreous 


25         resinous 


resinous 


i         3 


pearly 


vitreous,  also 
earthy 


yellow,  gray  ( 


green,  blue  green 


white,  yellow, 
greenish,  reddish 


rose-red,  yellow, 
violet-gray,  white 


green  to  blue 


II. 


Hardness. 


Serpentine 
WULFENITE 
AngloBite 
CALCITE 


2'5  to  4 


275 


Lustre. 


2.75 


greasy 


resinous,  adaman- 
tine 


adamantine,  resin- 
ous, vitreous 


vitreous  to  earthy 


Color. 


green,  red, 
yellow 

yellow,  green, 
brown,  red 


white,  gray,  red, 
green,  blue,  violet, 
yellow 


K. 


Color. 


5)  low,  brown,  br'n 
!(l,  green,  white 


allow,  gray 


reen,  blue  green 


vhlte,  yellow, 
;reeni8h,  reddish 

•ose-red,  yellow, 
iriolet-gray,  white 


green  to  blue 


Tenacity. 


laminae  tough, 
elastic 


Crystalline 
System. 


brittle 


rather  brittle 


ortho. 


monocl. 


ortho. 


very  brittle        amorp, 


ortho. 


brittle 


SOFT, 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


87 


conch. 


uneven 


cryptocrys.         sectile 


Remarks. 


G.  28.   Sometimes 
reflects  light,  copper- 
like. 


G.  2-6.    Saline  taste. 


G.  0-4.    Translucent. 


G.  1'9  to 22.  Looks  like 
gum  arable  or  resin. 

G.  2-8.  Colors  flame  crim- 
son. 

G.  2.    Botryoidal  and 
massive. 


II. 


Color. 


green,  red, 
yellow 


ellow.  green, 


yellow,  gre( 
brown,  red 


white,  gray,  red, 
green,  blue,  violet, 
yellow 


Soft. 


Tenacity. 


brittle 


very  brittle 


brittle 


Crystalline 

System. 


ortho. 


tetr. 


ortho. 


rhomb. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


splintery  conch. 


sub-conch. 


conch. 


conch. 


Remarks. 


G.  2*6.    Often  unctuous. 


G.  6.    Translucent. 


G.  6-1.  B.  B.  yields  lead. 


G.  2'5.   Eflervesces  with 
acids. 


38 


MINERALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


No. 


Name. 


Hardness.  !  Losthe. 


150  i  ANHYDRITE 


151 


GELESTITE 


Color. 


152    BAKITE 


163    Allophane 


154    Stilpnomelane 


165  cmussiTE 


156  FTBOMORFHITE 


157    Laumontite 


168    StUbite 


3-25 


3-5 


3-5 


3-5 


vitreous  to  pearly 


vitreoiu 


vitreous 


vitreous  to 
resinous 


pearly  or  vitreous 


a«lamantine,  vitre- 
ous, resinous 


resinous 


vitreous 


vitreous 


wtiite  to  brick-red 


white,  faint  blue, 
reddish 


white,  tinted  often 


blue,  green,  yellow, 
brown 


black,  yellow,  green 


white,  gray,  gray 
black 


green,  yellow,  br*  wn 


white  to  yellow, 
gray 


white,  yellow, 
brown,  red 


SOFT. 


89 


Color. 


Tbnacity. 


lite  to  brick-red 


lite,  faint  blue, 
Idish 


liite,  tinted  often 


ue,  green,  yellow, 
rown 


,ack,  yellow,  green 


'bite,  gray,  gray 
lack 


reen,  yellow,  br*  wn 


yhite  to  yellow, 
;ray 


vhite,  yellow, 
jrown,  red 


very  brittle 


Crystalline 
System. 


very  brittle 


very  brittle 


brittle 


ortho. 


ortho. 


ortho. 


amorp. 


cryBt 


ortho. 


hex. 


not  very  brittle 


brittle 


mono. 


ortho. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


uneven 


conch.,  uneven 


conch.,  shining 


conch. 


uneven 


uneven 


uneven 


Remarks. 


G.  2-8.  Heated,  gives  no 
water. 


G.  3-9.    B.  B.  crimson 
color. 


G.  4"3.   Sometimes  fetid 
wlien  rubbed. 


G.  1"8.    Translucent. 


G.  3.  Foliated  or 
velvety. 


G.  64    Translucent. 


G.  6'5.    Decrepitates 
sometimes. 


G.  22  to  2-4.    Readily 
crumbles. 


G.  2.    Translucent. 


40 


MINERALS  OF  V^HITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


No. 


159 


IGO 


161 


162 


163 


Name. 


Scorodite 


Strontianite 


Witherite 


AEAGONITE 


Hardness. 


SPAHLEMTE  35 

(Blende) 


164    DOLOMITE 


165    FLXJOBITE 


166 


167 


Siderite 


Triphylite 


3-5 


3-5 


3-5 


8-5 


Lustre. 


Color. 


vitreous,  sub- 
adamantine,  sub- 
resinous 


vitreous 


vitreous 


vitreous 


resinous,  adaman- 
tine 


3*5  to  4      vitreous 


vitreous;  some- 
times splendent 


vitreou* 


sub-reslnouB 


pale  leek-green, 
liver-brown 


green,  white,  gray, 
yellow 


white,  yellow,  gray 


white,  gray,  yellow, 
green,  violet 


brown,  yellow  .bl'k, 
red,  green,  white 


white,  red,  green, 
brown,  gray,  black 


white,  yellow,  gre'n, 
rose,  blue,  brown 


ash-gray,  yellow 
gray,  brown,  green, 
white 


green,  gray,  bluish 


SAK. 


Color. 


pale  leek-green, 
liver-brown 


green,  white,  gray, 
yellow 


white,  yellow,  gray 


white,  gray,  yellow, 
green,  violet 


brown,  yellow  .bl'k, 
red,  green,  white 


white,  red,  green, 
brown,  gray,  black 


white,  yellow,  gre'n, 
rose,  blue,  brown 


ash-gray,  yellow 
gray,  brown,  green, 
white 


green,  gray,  bluish 


42 


MINEEALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 

ITT,    Medium  Hardness,     |W 


Ko. 

Name. 

Hardness. 

Lustre. 

Color. 

("RY 

s 

168 

Margarite 

4 

pearly,  vitreons 

gray,  yellowiBh,red- 
dish  white          , 

ortl 

169 

Magnesite 

4 

vitreous 

•white,  yellowish, 
gray  white,  brown 

rho 

170 

CHabazite 

4-6 

vitreous 

white,  flesh  red             1  rho 

171 

Apophyllite 

4-5 

vitreous 

white,  grayish               1  teti 

172 

Wollastonite 

4-75 

vitreous 

white  to  gray,  yel- 
low, red,  brown 

mo 

173 

CALAMINE 

4-75 

vitreous,  adaman- 
tine 

white,  yellow  to 
brown                            ' 

ort 

174 

Moi'denite 

6 

highly  silky 

white,  yellowish 

175 

APATITE 

5 

vitreous  to  sub- 
resinous 

green,  blue,  white, 
yellow 

he 

176 

CoBrnleoIaotite 

5 

vitreous 

blue,  greenish  blue            ^J"! 

177 

SMITHSONlTE 

5 

vitreous 

white,  gray,  green, 

brown                               '^ 

17S 

DatoUte 

6-26 

vitreous 

gray,  green,  yellow, 
rod* 

179 

Enstatite 

5-5 

pearly  to  vitreous 

gray  white,  green           1 
white                             1   0 

180 

Pyroxene 

., '■ 

5-5 

vitreous 

^een  to  white, 
green  to  black 

m 

lEAK. 

Lin  Hardness, 


Color. 


gray,  yellowish,  red- 
dish   '  ■ 


white 


white,  yellowish, 
gray  white,  brown 


white,  flesh  red 


white,  grayish 


white  to  gray,  yel- 
low, red,  brown 

white,  yellow  to 
brown 


white,  yellowish 

green,  blue,  white, 
yellow 

blue,  greenish  blue 


white,  gray,  green, 
brown 

gray,  green,  yellow, 
red. 

gray  white,  green 
white 

^een  to  white, 
green  to  black 


MEDIUM  HARDNESS. 


White  Streak. 


("rystallink 
System. 


Fkacturis  and 
Cleavage. 


ortho. 

rhomb. 

rhomb. 

tetr. 

mono. 

ortho. 


hex. 


urypto-crys- 
talline. 


rhomb. 


mono. 


ortho. 


mono. 


conch. 


uneven 


uneven ; 
sometimes 
very  tough 

uneven 


brittle 


uneven 


uneven  to 
conchoidal 


uneven. 


uneven 


uneven 


1 


Remarks. 


G.  2-9.    Laminse  brittle. 

G.  3.    Opaque,  transparent. 

G.  2.    Brittle. 

G.  2-3.    Brittle,  transparent. 

G.  27.    Fibrous  structure. 

G.  31.    Brittle. 

G.  2.    Concretionary. 

G.  2"9.    Transparent,  brittle. 

G.  2-65  to  2-6. 

G.  4.    Brittle. 

G.  2-8.    Brittle. 

G.  3-1. 

G.  3-2.    Brittle. 


43 


1 


■lillMUMIIB-- 


44 


MINERALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 

IV.    Hard. 


Name. 


No, 

181  ANDAIUSITE 

182  Natrolite 

183  Ekebergite 

184  LAZTTLITE 

185  WILLEMITE 

186  Thomsonite 

187  Analcite 

188  Brookite 

189  Enstatite 

190  TITANITE 

191  PYROXEITE 


I  Hakdness.,  Lustre. 


Color. 


3-7 


5-5 


5-5 


5-5 


5-5 


5-6 


5-5 


5-5 


5-5 


5-5 


5-5 


vitreous 


vitreous 


vitreous,  pearly, 
greasy 


vitreous 


vitreous  to  resinous;  green,  brown 


whitish,  red,  gray> 
green 

white,  grayish, 
yellow,  red 

white,  gray,  bluish, 
reddish 


azure-blue, 
greenish  blue 

white,  yellow, 
.br 


vitreous 


vitreous 


metallic, 
adamantine 


,  vitreous, 
metalloidal 


adamantine, 
resinous 


vitreous,  resinous 


snow-white,  brown 


white,  gray,  green, 
yellow 


hair-brown, 
yellowish 


gray  yellow, 
green  white 

brown,  gray,  black, 
yellow,  green 

green  to  white, 
green  to  black 


^ 


Cki 


ort 


ort 


tet 


mc 


rhi 


on 


lac 


or 


01 


m 


""IBfi 


MM 


:reak. 


HARD. 


46 


IV.    Hard. 

White  Streak. 

Color. 

Ckystalline  I 
System. 

•"kactukk  and 
Cleavage. 

Remarks. 

whitish,  red,  gray, 
green 

ortho. 

uneven 

G.  3.    Having  cross  in  transverse  section. 

white,  grayish, 
yellow,  red 

ortho. 

G.  2'1.    Transparent. 

white,  gray,  bluish, 
reddish 

tetr. 

G,  27.    Resembles  Wernerite. 

azure-blue, 
greenish  blue 

mono. 

uneven 

G.  3.    Sub-transparent,  brittle. 

OUB 

white,  yellow, 
green,  browu             " 

rhomb. 

conch. 

G.  3-8.    Transparent,  brittle. 

snow-white,  browu 

ortho. 

uneven 

G.  2-3.    Pyro-electric,  brittle. 

white,  gray,  green, 
yellow 

iso. 

sub-conch. 

G.  2-2.    Brittle. 

hair-brown, 
yellowish 

ortho. 

G.  4*1.    Brittle. 

> 

gray  yellow, 
green  white 

ortho 

prismatic, 
fibrous 

G.  31.    Resembles  amphibole  and  pyroxene. 

brown,  gray,  black, 
yellow,  green 

mono. 

brittle 

G.  3-4.    Transparent,  opaque. 

US 

green  to  white, 
green  to  black 

mono. 

conch., 
uneven 

G.  3-2.    Brittle. 

•KtmammitssmMeiei 


4fi 


MINERALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


! 


Na 


Namu. 


102    AMFHIBOLE 
193  '  Hypenthene 

104    Ootahedrite 

195    Cyanite 

106    OPAL 

197  Amblygonite 

198  Sodalit0 

199  Rhodonite 

200  Chloritoid 

201  Torquois 

202  ZOISITE 


Hardness. 


ly'o 


5-5 


5-5 


0-( 


LUSTRB. 


Color. 


vitreoas;  often 
silky 


4vhite  to  black, 
through  green 


..  brown,  green,  gray 

pearly ;  sometimes    black,  pinchbeck 
metalloidal  hmwn 


metallic, 
adamantine 


vitreous 


vitreous,  pearly 


brown  to  blue, 
black 


blue,  white,  gray, 
green,  black 


white,  yellow,  red, 
brown,  green 


Ci 


sea-green,  white, 
6  i  vitreous  to  greasy      brownish 


vitreous,  greasy 
vitreous 
pearly 
waxy,  feeble 
pearly 


gray,  blue,  brown 


brownish  red 
greenish,  yellowish 


gray,  green  gray, 
green  black 


sky-blue,  bine 
green,  apple-green 


white,  gray,  yellow, 
brown 


REAK. 


HARD. 


47 


Color. 


4vhite  to  black, 
through  green 


brown,  green,  gray 
'    black,  pinchbeck 
brown 


I 


brown  to  blue, 
black 


blue,  white,  gray, 
green,  black 


white,  yellow,  red, 
brown,  green 


sea-green,  white, 
brownish 


gray,  blue,  brown 


brownish  red 
greenish,  yellowish 


gray,  green  gray, 
green  black 


sky-blue,  bine 
green,  apple-green 


white,  gray,  yellow, 
brown 


Crystalline  Fractubk  and 
System.  Cleavage. 


mono. 


ortho. 


tetr. 


tricl. 


amorp. 


tricl. 


ISO. 


trie. 


sub-conch., 
uneven 


mono.,  tri.      brittle 


sub-conch. 


uneven 


uneven 


conch., 
uneven 


reniform, 
massive 


ortho. 


conch. 


Remarks. 


G.  2'0.    Frequently  columnar,  also  fibrous. 


6.  3*3,    Resembles  enstatite. 


G.  .3-8.    Brittle. 


G.  3'4.    Crystals,  blue  centers  white  margins. 


G.  1"9.    Sometimes  rich  play  of  colors  by 
reflected  light. 


G.  3.    Translucent. 


G.  2-3.    Decomposed  by  HCl. 


G.  3-4.    Tough. 


G.  3*5.    Strongly  dichroic. 


G.  2'6.    False  turquois  is  softer. 


G.  3*1.    Transparent,  translucent. 


ils 


48 


MINERALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


No. 


Namk. 


HARUNB88.i  •         Lustre. 


COLOK. 


203    LABRADORITE  i     u 


2()4 


205 


206 


207 


208 


vitreouB, 
Hub-resinouB 


ORTHOCLASE  «  '  vitreous 


ALBITE 


OLIGOCLASE 


DIASFORE 


SFODUMENE 


vitreous 


gray,  brown,  green 


white,  gray,  green 


white;  Hometimes 
blue,  gray,  green 


white  to  grayish, 
waxy  to  vitreous        ^^j^.^j^  » 


(i  "i         '  vitreous 


Oo         I  pearly 


white,  brown, 
yellow 


gray  green 


V.    Very  Hard 


No. 

Name. 

HARDNES.S. 

Lustre. 

Color. 

209 

Allanite 

6 

Bub.metallic, 
pitchy 

brown  to  blai-k 

210 

FREHinTE 

fi-5 

vitreous 

light  green  i-o  gray 

211 

EFIDOTE 

6-5 

vitreous,  resinous 

green  to  black 

'iff-. 


{  STREAK. 


VERY  HARD, 


4U 


COLOK. 


white ;  sometimes 
blue,  gray,  green 


white  to  grayish, 
°"*        reddish 


white,  brown, 
yellow 


gray  green 


V.    Very  Hard 


lOUS 


Color. 


brown  to  black 


light  green  i-c  gray 


green  to  black 


Crystalline 
System. 


gray,  brown,  green  ■     trie. 


white,  gray,  green  ■      mono. 


trie. 


trie 


ortho. 


mono. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavaoe. 


right  angled 
and  conch,  to 
uneven 


uneven 


conch,  to 
uneven 


very  brittle 


uneven 


White  Streak. 


Remarks. 


O  2*6.    Translacent. 


G.  24.    Transparent  to  translucent. 


G,  2-5. 


G.  2-6. 


Both  have  striated  surfaces. 


G,  33,    When  thin,  translucent. 


G.  3-1.    Translucent. 


Crystalline 
System. 

FraCTURK  AM) 

Cleavaoe. 

Remarks. 

mono. 

uneven 

G,  3.    Opaque,  brittle. 

ortho. 

uneven 

G.  2*8.    Pyro-electric 

mono. 

... 
uneven 

G.  3-2.    Brittle. 

mmimmmmmmmmmmmimmmmmm 


60 


MINERALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


No. 


212 


213 


214 


215 


210 


217 


218 


Nabib. 


CHALCEDONY 


Hardness. 


*      LUSTRB. 


COLOK. 


C-5 


CHRONDKOBITE      6 


BTJTILE 


CASSITEBITE 


Fibrolite 


Yesayianite 


219    aUARTZ 


220 


GARNET 


221    Azinite 


222 


TOURMALINE 


6-5 


«-5 


05 


CHRYSOLITE      |     o 


0-5 


waxy 


vitreous,  resinous 


metallic,  adaman- 
tine 


adamantine 


vitreous  to  sub-ada- 
mantine 


vitreous 


vitreous 


vitreous 


vitreous,  resmous 


highly  glassy 


vitreous 


white,  gray,  brown, 
blue 


white,  yellow, 
brown, 


red,  brown 


brown,  black 


brown,  white, 
green 


green 


brown,  green, 
yellow,  blue 


colorless,  many 
shades 


red,  brown,  yellow, 
^reen,  black 


brown,  blue,  gray 


black,  (blue,  red, 
green) 


Cr 


crj 


01 


tet 


tet 


m< 


or 


tel 


h( 


van. 


tr 


b 


EAK. 


VERY  HARD. 


51 


Color. 


white,  gray,  brown, 
blue 


white,  yellow, 


'jrown, 


red,  brown 


brown,  black 


brown,  white, 
green 


green 


brown,  green, 
yellow,  blue 


colorless,  many 
shades 


Crystalline 
System. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


black,  (blue,  red, 
green) 


crypto-cryst, 


ortho. 


teta:. 


tetr. 


mono. 


ortho. 


tetr. 


hex. 


red,  brown,  yellow,      _    j^^^ 
^reen,  black 


brown,  blue,  gray        ■  trie. 


1 


sub-conch, 
uneven 


uneven 


sub-conch, 
uneven 


i^EMARKS. 


conch. 


sub-conch, 
uneven 


couch. 


sub-conch, 
uneven 


conch. 


hex.  uneven 


Transparent,  translucent. 


G.  3*1.    Transparent,  sub-transparent. 


G.4-1.    Brittle 


G.6-4.    Brittle. 


Q.  3-2.    Transparent  to  translucent. 


G.  3*3.    Transparent,  translucent. 


G.  3*3.    Streak  uncolored,  sometimes  dichroic. 


G.  2*5.    Transparent,  opaque,  brittle. 


G.  3"1.    Transparent,  brittle. 


G.3-2.    Trichroic,  brittle. 


G.  2"9.    Pyroelectric,  dichroic. 


I 


52 


MINERALS  OF  WHITE  OR  GRAY  STREAK. 


I 


Name. 


No. 

223  lolite 

224  Schorlomite 

225  ANSALUSITE 

226  StauTolite 

227  Zircon 

228  BEBTL 

229  SPINEL 

230  TOPAZ 

231  CHEYSOBEEYL 

232  OOBUNDTJM 

233  DIAKOND 


Hakdness. 


7-25 


7-25 


7-5 


7-5 


7-5 


7-75 


Lustre. 


8-5 


10 


vitreous 


vitreous 


vitreous 


Bub-vitreouB  to 
resinous 


adamantine 


COLOB. 


blue 


black 


whitish,  red,  violet, 
green 


reddish-brown, 
brown,  black, 
yellow-brown 


colorless,  brown, 
yellow,  gray 


jmerald-green, 
vitreous,  resinoab      ^j^^  yellow 


vitreous 


vitreous 


vitreous 


vitreous 


red,  blue,  green, 
yellow 


yellow,  white, 
green,  blue 


brilliant,  adaman- 
tine 


green 


blue,  red,  yellow, 
brown,  gray 


white,  colorless, 
tinged  sometimes 


01 


ai 


01 


REAK. 


VERY  HARD. 


63 


GOLOB. 


blue 


black 


whitish,  red,  violet, 
green 


reddish-brown, 
brown,  black, 
yellow-browu 


colorless,  brown, 
yellow,  gray 


omerald-green, 
blue,  yellow 


red,  blue,  green, 
yellow 


yellow,  while, 
green,  d1o« 


green 


blue,  red,  yellow, 
brown,  gray 


white,  colorless, 
tinged  sometimes 


Crystai-line 
System. 


ortho. 


amorph. 


ortho- 


ortho. 


tetr. 


hex. 


ISO. 


ortho. 


ortho. 


rhom. 


iso. 


Fracture  and 
Cleavage. 


Bu1>conch. 


conch. 


sub-conch., 
uneven 


conch. 


conch- 


conch., 
uneven 


conch. 


conch., 
uneven 


conch., 
uneven 


conch. 


Remarks. 


G.2*5.    Pleochroic. 


G.  3-8.    Often  irised,  tarnished. 


G.  3.      Sub-translucent. 


G.  34.    Translucent. 


G.  4.      Transparent,  opaque. 


G.  20.    Transparent,  brittle. 


G.  3-5.    Transparent. 


conch.,  Q  2-4.    Pyroelectric. 

uneven 


G.  3-6.    Transparent. 


G.  3-9.    Very  tough. 


G.  3-52.    Electric  when  rubbed. 


SUPPLEMENTARY 

MINERALS  OF  LOW  LUSTRE 


Name. 


MirbaUte 
(Glauber  Bait) 


Sal  Ammoniac 


Nitre 


Altinog^en 


Halotriohite 


Borax 


L  EASILY  DISSOLVED  IN 


Hakdness. 


1-5 


1-5 


Tastk. 


2-25 


cool,  then  feebly  saline  and  bitter. 


saline,  pungent  (not  deliquescent). 


saline,  cooling. 


like  common  alum. 


inky-astringent 


sweet-alkaline,  feeble. 


ENTARY 

'■  LUSTRE 

DISSOLVED  m 

Taste. 

ly  saline  and  bitter. 

t  (not  deliquescent). 


ilum. 


tt 


t,  feeble. 


TABLES. 

AND  COLORLESS  STREAK. 

WATER  OR  VINEGAR. 


Nahk. 


Horenosite 


Qoslarite 


Epsomite 

(Epsom  salt) 


Ealinite 


Halite 

(Salt) 


Glauberite 


Hardness. 


Taste. 


2-5 


metallic-astringent. 


2-5  metallic-astringent,  nauseous. 


2-5 


2-5 


2-5 


bitter,  saline. 


like  common  alum. 


2-75 


purely  saline. 


slightly  saline. 


56 


MINERALS  OF  LOW  LUSTRE 


n.    Not  Soluble. 


Name. 

Hardnkss. 

Fusibility, 

HydT02dncite 

2-5 

infasible. 

■ 

Galedonite 

2-75 

easily  fusible. 

Caloitd 

3 

infasible. 

Cenusite 

3 

on  charcoal  easily  rednces  to  lead. 

Witherite 

3-75 

easily  fusible. 

Strontianite 

3-7S 

fusible  with  difficulty. 

^ot  Soluble. 


niLITY, 


y  rednces  to  lead. 


culty. 


AND  COLORLESS  STREAK. 


67 


EfiFervescing  with  Acid. 


Name. 


Aragonite 


Dolomite 


Siderite 


Magnesite 


Smithgonite 


Haudness. 


FUSIDILITY. 


infusible. 


4  !  infusible  (effervesces  sparingly). 


fusible  with  difficulty,  dissolves  in 
hot  acid. 


4r)  infusible. 


infusible. 


I 


■(  '\ 


1 1 

\\i 
I    1 


58 


MINERALS  OF  LOW  LUSTRE 

m.    Insoluble.    Not 

A.  YIBLDINa  WATER  WHEN 


PULVKRIZED. 


In  the  Flame. 


Volatile  or  Fusible. 


Im  Hot  on  Cold,  Dilute  or  Concentrated  Acm. 


Completely  and  promptly  dissolved 


Completely,  not  easily  dissolved 


Completely  and  readily  dissolved  with  separation 
of  gelatinous  silica 


Completely  and  readily  dissolved  with  separation 
of  pulverulent  or  semi-gelatinous  silica 


Dissolved  with  diflaculty,  silica  separating  out 


Only  partially  decomposed  or  dissolved 


Insoluble  or  but  very  slightly  acted  upon 


Name. 


Hard- 
ness. 


Apophyllite 
Natrolite 


475 
5-2i5 


Succinite 


2-5 


i; 


Mote.— Minerals  indicated  by  (A) 


1 


AND  COLORLESS  STREAK. 


5fl 


toluble.    Not 


I-  WATBB  WHEN 


In  the  Flame. 


(LATIIiE  OR  FUSIDLE. 


Name. 


)phyllite 
.rolite 


3cinite 


Hard- 

MliSS. 


475 
5-25 


2-5 


-Miuerals  indicated  by  (A) 


i; 


Effervescing  with  Acids. 


HBATBD  IN  OLOSBD  TUBS. 


1 


Before  the  Blowpipe. 


Fasily  Fdsidle. 


Name. 


Hard 

NESS. 


Fusible  with  Difficulty. 


Name. 


Hard- 
ness. 


Annabergite 
Scorodite 


Gypsnm 


laumontite 
Datolite 
Thomsonite 
Allanite 


Stilbite 
Chabazite 


Smectite 


Prehnite  (A) 


Carpholite  (A) 


2-25 
3-5 


35 
5 

5-25 
6 


3-75 
4-5 


1-25 


6-5 


Infusible. 


Name. 


Deweylite 


Serpentine 


Stilpnomelane 
Bastite 


Aealmatolite 
Ripidolite 
Picrolite 
Chloritoid 


2-5 


3-5 
3-75 


2-5 
2-25 

4 
5-75 


Brucite 
Wavellite 


Diasporo 


Chrosocolla 

AUophane 

Calamine 


Hydrophite 


Serpentine 


Kaolinite 
Pyrophyllite  (A) 
Hallyosite 
Lazulite  (A) 


Cerolite 

Carnat 

Turquois 


Hard- 
ness. 


2-5 
3-5 


fl-5 


3 

3-25 
4-75 


2.6 


1 

1-5 

2 

5-5 


2-25 

2-5 

6 


exfoliate,  swell  up  or  gelatinize. 


MINERAI^  OF  LOW  LUSTRE 


B.    YIBLDINO  lilTTLB  OR  NO  WATBR 


PULVEHIZED. 


In  the  Flame. 


In  Hot  ob  Cold,  Dilute  or  Concentrated  Acid. 


Completely  and  easily  soluble 
Completely  but  with  difficulty  soluble 

Readily  diasolved  with  separation  of  gelatinous 
silica 


RcndiVy  dissolved  with  separation  of  pulverulent 
silica,  lead  chloride  or  tungstic  acid 


Volatile  on  Fusible. 


Name. 


Arsenelite 
Amblygonite 


Insv/.able  or  but  slightly  acted  upon 


Cerargyrite 
Lepidolite 


Hard- 
ness. 


1-5 

It 


1 
2.5 


i 


1 


ir 
c< 


I 


BLOW  PIPE  TESTS. 


ORES  OF  GOLD. 

Native  Gold.— Combination  of  Au.  and  Ag.  in  variable  proportions, 
sometimes  with  traces  of  Fe.  and  Cu.  It  usually  occurs  in  variously 
contorted  and  branched  filaments,  in  scales,  in  plates,  or  in  small,  irreg- 
ular masses. 

On  Ch.,  fuses  to  a  globule  which  after  cooling  has  a  bright  metallic 
surface.  With  S.  Ph.  in  O.  Fl.  a  bead  is  formed  which  opallzes  on 
cooling,  or  becomes  opaque  and  yellow,  according  to  the  amount  of 
silver  which  it  contains. 

Resists  the  action  of  heated  concentrated  nitric  acid;  soluble  only  in 
aqua  regia. 

Sylvanite  [Graphic  Tellurium] — AgAuTe,. 

In  an  open  glass  tube,  yields  a  white  sublimate  which,  when  played 
upon  with  the  flame,  fuses  to  transparent  drops.  On  Ch.  fuses  to  a  dark- 
gray  globule,  depositing  at  the  same  time  a  white  Ct.  which,  when 
touched  with  the  R.  FL,  disappears,  tinging  the  flame  bluish-green.  It 
finally  affords  a  light-yellow  malleable  globule  of  metallic  lustre. 

Soluble  in  aqua  regia,  leaving  a  residue  of  chloride  of  silver.  The 
solution  gives  a  white  precipitate  with  water. 


si 

X 


_L 


s. 


riable  proportions, 
ccurs  in  variously 
or  in  small,  irreg- 

a  bright  metallic 
vhich  opalizes  on 
to  the  amount  of 

d ;  soluble  only  in 


liich,  when  played 
'h.  fuses  to  a  dark- 
Ct.  which,  when 
e  bluish-green.  It 
llic  lustre, 
je  of  silver.    The 


ORES  OP  SILVER. 

Native  Silver.— Pure  silver,  associated  with  gold,  copper,  arsenic, 
iron,  and  other  metals.  Occurs  usually  in  twisted  filaments,  or  arbores- 
cent ;  sometimes  in  plates  or  massive. 

On  Ch.,  fuses  easily  to  a  globule,  which  assumes  a  bright  surface,  and 
shows  after  cooling  a  silver-white  color.  Foreign  metals  are  detected  by 
assaying  in  a  cupel. 

It  dissolves  in  nitric  acid. 

Dyscrasite  [Antimonial  Silver].— Ag,Sb.  and  Ag,Sb.  H=  3.5—4- 
0  =  9.4—9.8. 

On  Ch.,  fuses  readily  to  a  gray  r  >n-ductile  globule  and  coats  the  Ch. 
with  oxide  of  antimony ;  with  continued  heat  the  globule  assumes  the 
appearance  of  pure  silver,  and  the  Ct.  becomes  reddish. 

Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residui     f  oxid  •  of  antimony. 
Oerargyrite  [Horn  Silver].— AgCl.       5-2  Per  ce"'-  Ag.    It  turns 
brown  on  exposure  to  air.     When  rubb  a   nth  a  moistened  plate  of  zinc 
or  iron  the  latter  becomes  cov  .-d  with  a  coating    f  silver.    The  streak 
is  shining. 

It  fuses  in  a  candle-flame.  On  Ch.,  is  easily  reduced,  especially  when 
mixed  with  Sd.  Mixed  with  oxide  of  copper  and  heated  en  Cii.  in  R. 
Fl.,  chloride  of  copper  is  formed,  which  colors  the  flame  azure-blue. 

Insoluble  in  water  and  nitric  acid.  Slowly  soluble  in  caustic  ammonia. 
Partially  decomposed  by  a  boiling  solution  of  caustic  potassa. 

Argentite  [Silver  Glanct].— AgS.  87.1  per  cent.  Ag.  It  is  easily 
distinguished  from  other  minerals  of  the  same  color  by  being  cut  by  a 
knife  like  lead. 

On  Ch.  in  O.  FL,  intumesces,  gives  out  sulphurous  acid,  and  finally 
yields  a  globule  of  metallic  silver. 

Solub'.e  in  dilute  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur. 
Pyrargynv^  ;T)ark-red  Silver  Ore].— 3AgS,  SbS^.  59.9  per  cent.  Ag. 
In  a  matraso,  iuses  very  readily  and  yields  with  continued  heat  a 
r,ublimate  of  tersulphide  of  antimony.  In  an  open  glass  tube,  gives 
antimonial  fumes  and  sulphurous  acid.  On  Ch.,  fuses  readily  and 
deposits  i.  Ct.  of  antimonous  oxide,  being  converted  into  sulphide  of 
sib  ir ,  if  for  a  long  time  exposed  to  the  O.  Fl.,  or,  when  mixed  with  Sd., 
in  the  R.  Fl.,  affords  a  globule  of  roetallic  silver. 


1 


64 


BLOW  PIPK  TESTS. 


Part  of  the  SbSj  is  sometimes  substituted  by  AsSj ;  it  then  gives  out 
arsenical  fumes  when  mixed  with  Sd.  and  heated  in  the  R.  Fi.  on  Ch. 

The  pulverized  mineral,  when  heated  with  nitric  acid,  turns  black,  and 
is  ultimately  dissolved,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur  and  antiraonous  acid. 
Caustic  potassa  also  blackens  it  and  effects  partial  solution,  from  which 
acids  precipitate  tersulphide  of  antimony. 

Proustite  [Light-red  Silver  Ore].— 3AgS,  AsjSs.     65.4  per  cent.  Ag. 

Before  the  Blp.  and  to  solvents,  behaves  like  the  preceding,  excepting 
it  gives  off  arsenical  fumes  instead  of  antimonous  oxide.  The  solution  in 
caustic  potassa  deposits  a  yellow  precipitate  when  neutralized  with  acids. 

Stephanite  [Brittle  Silver  Ore].— sAgS,  SbA.     68.5  per  cent.  Ag. 

In  a  matrass,  decrepitates,  then  fuses  and  ultimately  yields  a  faint 
sublimate  of  tersulphide  of  antimony.  On  Ch.,  fuses  very  readily  and 
coats  the  Ch.  with  antimonous  acid.     If  the  blast  with  the  O.  Fl.  is  kept 

up  lot    <i   aUiiiCitiiit    iiiiiC|  liiv  v-'w.  Uhi^uiii^a    m>    *\*v*    '».,wi*.>*    ^--iw    »*   Q*.wi.*i-4.—    --*. 

metallic  silver  is  obtained.  Contains  frequently  copper  and  iron,  which 
may  be  detected  by  appropriate  tests.  If  arsenic  is  present  it  gives  in 
the  open  tube  a  crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenious  acid 

In  dilute  heated  nitric  acid  it  dissolves,  excepting  the  sulphur  and 
antimonous  oxide;  the  solution  becomes  milky  on  addition  of  water. 
Partially  dissolved  by  a  boiling  solution  of  caustic  potassa. 

Polybasite.— 9(Ag,  CuOS  +  (Sb  As),s,. 

In  a  matrass,  fuses  very  rc-adily,  out  gives  nothing  volatile.  In  an 
open  tube,  gives  sulphurous  acid  and  antimonial  fumes ;  the  sublimate 
contains  sometimes  crystals  of  arsenous  acid.  On  Ch.,  gives  a  Ct.  of 
oxide  of  antimony ;  with  continued  heat,  gives  a  bright  metallic  globule, 
which,  on  cooling,  becomes  black  on  its  surface  ;  sometimes  a  faint  Ct. 
of  oxide  of  zinc  is  deposited  \  the  metallic  globule  affords  with  fluxes  the 
reaction  of  silver  and  copper. 

Stromeyerite  [Argentiferous  Sulphide  of  Copper].— Cu,S.  +  AgS. 
53  per  cent.  Ag,  31.2  per  cent.  Cu. 

In  a  matrass,  fuses  easily  and  gives  sometimes  a  little  sulphur.  In  an 
open  tube,  fuses  to  a  globule  and  gives  sulphurous  acid.  On  Ch.,  fuses 
to  a  gray  metallic  globule  which  is  a  little  malleable ;  with  fluxes  the 
globule  gives  the  reactions  of  copper,  sometimes  also  those  of  iron ;  on 
a  cupel  with  lead  affords  a  globule  of  silver. 

Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur. 


ilJ  ,i 


3 ;  it  then  gives  out 
:he  R.  Fi.  on  Ch. 
cid,  turns  black,  and 
nd  antimonous  acid, 
solution,  from  whicl. 

65.4  per  cent.  Ag. 
preceding,  excepting 
ide.  The  solution  in 
mtralized  with  acids. 

68.5  percent.  Ag. 
lately  yields  a  faint 
uses  very  readily  and 
ith  the  O.  Fl.  is  kept 

ni'    nr»r^     o     nr1r%Kiil^    f\f 

pper  and  iron,  which 

is  present  it  gives  in 

:id 

ing  the  sulphur  and 

1  addition  of  water. 

)Otassa. 

ling  volatile.     In  an 
umes ;  the  sublimate 


iCh. 


gives 


a  Ct.  of 


ight  metallic  globule, . 
sometimes  a  faint  Ct. 
affords  with  fluxes  the 

iper].— Cu,S.  +  AgS. 

little  sulphur.     In  an 

acid.     On  Ch.,  fuses 

able;  with  fluxes  the 

Iso  those  of  iron ;  on 

hur. 


BLOW  PIPE  ASSAY. 


65 


BLOW  PIPE  ASSAY. 

SILVER  AND  GOLD  ORES. 

The  ore  is  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  mixed  with  vitrified  borax  and 
metallic  lead  (the  quantities  of  which  altogether  depend  upon  the  nature 
of  the  substance,  and  for  which,  therefore,  no  general  rule  can  be  given), 
and  the  mass  placed  in  a  cylindrical  hole  of  the  Ch.     A  powerful  R.  Fl. 
is  given  until  the  metals  have  united  to  a  button,  and  the  slag  appears 
free  from  metallic  globules.     The  flame  is  now  converted  into  an  O.  Fl. 
and  directed  principally  upon  the  button.     Sulphur,  arsenic,  antimony, 
and  other  very  volatile  substances,  are  volatilized ;  iron,  tin,  cobalt,  and 
a  little  copper  and  nickel  become  oxidized  and  are  absorbed  by  the  flux ; 
silver  and  gold  and  the  greater  pari  of  the  copper  anvi  niCiCCi  remain  'viti. 
the  lead  (and  bismuth,  if  present).    When  all  volatile  substances  are 
driven  off,  the  lead  begins  to  become  oxidized  and  the  button  assumes  a 
rotary  motion;  at  this  period  the  blast  is  discontinued,  the  assay  is 
allowed  to  cooi,  and  when  perfectly  cold  the  lead  button  is  separated  from 
the  glass  by  sonje  slight  strokes  with  a  hammer.    It  is  now  placed  on  a 
cupel  of  bone-ash  and  treated  with  the  O.  Fl.  until  it  again  assumes  a 
rotary  motion.     If  much  copper  or  nickel  is  present,  the  globule  becomes 
covered  witl)  a  thick  infusible  crust,  which  prevents  the  aimed-at  oxida- 
tion; in  this  case  another  small  piece  of  pure  lead  has  to  be  added.  The 
blast  is  kept  up  until  the  whole  of  the  lead  and  other  foreign  metals,  viz., 
copper  and  nickel,  are  <ixidized ;  this  is  indicated  by  the  cessation  of  the 
rotary  movement,  if  only  little  silver  is  present,  or  by  the  appearance  of 
all  the  tints  of  the  rainbow  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  button,  if  the 
ore  was  very  rich  in  silver ;  after  a  few  moments  it  takes  the  look  of  pure 
silver.     The  oxides  of  lead,  copper,  etc.,  are  absorbed  by  the  bone-ash, 
and  pure  silver,  or  an  alloy  of  silver,  with  other  noble  metals,  remains 
behind;  the  button  maybe  tested  for  gold  by  dissolving  in  nitric  acid. 
The  chloride  of  silver  can  be  reduced  on  coal  with  soda  to  met  alii  i: 
silver. 


i 


—  — t-li 


SCALE  OF  HARDNESS. 


67 


THE  SCALE  OF  HARDNESS. 

As  introduced  by  Mohs,  and  enlarged  by  Breithaupt,  is  as  follows: 

1.  Talc;  common  laminated  light-green  variety. 

2.  Gypsum ;  crystalline  variety. 

3.  Calcite;  transparent  variety. 

4.  Fluorite;  crystalline  variety. 

5.  Apatite ;  transparent  variety. 

6.  Orthoclase;  white  cleavable  variety. 

7.  Quartz;  transparent. 

8.  Topaz;  transparent. 

9.  Corundum ;  cleavable  varieties. 
10.  Diamond. 

To  test  the  hardness  of  a  mineral  we  may  proceed  in  two  different 
manners;  firstly,  by  attempting  to  scratch  it  with  the  minerals  enumerated 
in  the  scale,  successively  ;  or,  secondly,  by  abrasion  with  a  file.  If  the 
file  abrades  the  mineral  under  trial  with  the  same  ease  as  No.  4,  and 
produces  aa  equal  depth  of  abrasion  with  the  same  force,  its  hardness  is 
said  to  be  4,  If  with  more  facility  than  4,  but  less  than  5,  the  hardness 
may  be  4.2  or  4.3-  Several  successive  trials  should  be  made  to  obtain 
certain  results ;  and,  when  practicable,  both  methods  should  be  employed. 

A  set  of  minerals,  representing  the  scale  of  hardness,  being  not  always 
at  hand,  it  will  be  useful  to  give  a  series  of  substitutes  for  them,  as 
arranged  by  Mr.  Chapman : 

1.  Yields  easily  to  the  nail. 

2.  Yields  with  difficulty  to  the  nail,  or  merely  receives  an  impression 
from  it.     Does  not  scratch  a  copper  coin. 

3.  Scratches  a  copper  coin ;  but,  is  also  scratched  by  it,  being  of  about 
the  same  degree  of  hardness. 

4.  Not  scratched  by  a  copper  coin ;  does  not  scratch  glak. 

5.  Scratches  glass,  though  with  difficulty,  leaving  its  powder  upon  it. 
Yields  readily  to  the  knife. 

6.  Scratches  glass  easily.    Yields  with  difficulty  to  the  knife. 

7.  Does  not  yield  to  the  knife.  Yields  to  the  edge  of  a  file,  though 
with  difficulty. 

8.  9,  10.  Harder  than  flint. 


il 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


iso. — isometric. 

tetr. — tetrj^onal. 

mono. — monoclinic 

ortho. — orthorhombic. 

rh.— rhomboidal . 

hex. — hexagonal. 

cryst- — crystalline- 

amorph. — amorphous. 

G.— Specific  Gravity. 

prism. — prismatic. 

conch. — conchoidal. 

tricl.— triclinic. 

Ch. — Charcoal. 

O.  Fl.— Oxidizing  Flame. 

R.  Fl.— Reducing  Flame. 

Ct. — Coating. 

Sd.— Carbonate  of  Soda. 

S.  Ph.— Salt  of  Phosphorus. 

Blp.— Blow  Pipe. 


i 


1 


SYNOPSIS  OF  AREANGEMENT. 


71 


SYNOPSIS  OF  ARRANGEMENT. 


Minerals  of  Metallic  Lustre 7 

Red 7 

Yellow 7 

White 9 

Gray H 

Black 15 

Minerals  of  Semi-Metallic  Ordinary  Lustre 19 

Black  Streak 19 

Brown     "      •  -   21 

Red         «      23 

Yellow    "      25 

'     Green      "     27 

Blue        "      29 

Minerals  of  Non-Metallic  Lustre,  White  or  Gray  Streak 31 

Very  Soft. 31 

Soft 37 

Medium  Hardness 43 

Hard 45 

Very  Hard 49 

Auxiliary  Table  for  Determination  of  Minerals  of  Non-Metallic  Lustre  and 

Ck)lorlesB  Streak,  Soluble  in  Water 55 

Insoluble  in  Water,  effervescing  with  Hydrochloric  Acid 57 

Insoluble  in  Water,  not  effervescing  with  Acids 59 

Yield  Water  when  heated •  59 

Yield  little  or  no  Water  when  heated 61 

Blow  Pipe  Tests  for  Gold  and  Silver  Ores 62 

Blow  Pipe  Assay 65 

Scale  of  HardneaS" 67 


'■^^ 


■\ 


INDEX. 


PAOX. 

Agalmatolite 59 

Albite 48,  61 

Allanite 48,  59,  61 

AUophane 38,69 

Altahe •-    8 

Alunogen 30,54 

Ambl3rgonito 46,  GO 

Amphibole 46 

Analcite- y^  44 

Andaiusite 44,  o-,  Gi 

Analesite 36,61 

Anhydrite 38,61 

Annabergite 26,  59 

Anthracite 1° 

Antimony ° 

Apatite 42,61 

Apophjrllite 42,58 

Aragonite 40,  o7 

Argentite ^^>   q 

Arsenic ••••    ° 

Arsenolite /..32,  00 

Arsenopyrite 10 

Asphaltam 1° 

Autunite •"  24 

Axinite 'no 

Azurite 22 

Barite 38,61 

Bastite 59 

Berthierite 1? 

Beryl 52,  61 

Biotite 34 

Bismuth ° 

Bismithinite 12 

Blende 18,  20,  24, 40 

Borax 34, 54 

Bornite ^ 

Braunite 1° 

Breithauptite ° 

Brookite 44 

Brown  coal 20 

Brucite • ...34,59 


PIOX. 

Calamine 42,59 

Caledonite 36, 56 

Calcite 36,56 

Carnat 59 

Carpholite 59 

Cassiterite 20,24,48 

Celestite 38,61 

Cerargyrite 30, 60,  63 

CerohTe • 34,  59 

CerussitG • 3-,  ^ 

Chabazite"i."i!iiii." 42^59 

Chalcedony 50,61 

Chalcopyrite 6 

Chalocite 12 

Chiastolite «1 

Chloritoid 46,59 

Chromite 16 

Chrondrodite. 50 

Chrysolite 50,  61 

Chrysocolla 20,  22,  28,  36,  59 

Chrysoberl 52, 61 

Cinnabar 22 

Coal,  brown 20 

Coal,  mineral.. 18 

Coeruleolactite 42 

Coloradoite 14 

Copper 6 

Corundum 52,61 

Cuprite .' 22 

Cyanite 46,01 

Datolite 42,  59 

Dewezlite 36, 59 

Diamond 52,61 

Diaspore •" 48,  59 

Dolomite 40,57 

Domeykite 8 

Dyocrasite 12,63 

Ekebergite 44, 61 

Electrum » 

Enargite 14 


74 


INDEX. 


PAOB. 


Enstatite 42,  44 

Epidote 48,61 

EpBOinite ^^»!S 

Ervthrite 


22 


Faasaite -;  6} 

Fibrolite 50, 61 

Fluorite 40,61 

Franklinite Hi,iV 

Galenite •"  J.2 

Garnet ^'  «i 

Genthite f« 

Geredorffite ••;•  10 

Glauberite  ^».  ^ 

Glanconito ••  ^" 

Gold --Ml 

GoBlarite 32,56 

Goethite 20,24 

Graohite ;•  ii 

Gypsum ^^  »" 

Halite 34,55 

Halloysite •••  5J 

Halotrichite 32,  54 

Hausmannite ••••••••  l» 

Hematite H  1».  ^ 

Hepatic  Cinnabar 2U 

Hessite • ^ 

Homichlin j* 

Hydrophite ••••  ^J 

Hydroaincite ^*.  °^ 

Hypersthene  46 

lolite  .....' 18.52,61 

Iridosmine i" 

Iron 


FAOR. 

Magneeite •••  57 

Magnetite l».  -i- 

Malachite 26 

Manganite •••  16 

Margarite 42,  61 

Melaconite 1|| 

Mercury - 

Millerite 

Mimetite 

Mineral  Ck>al •••• 

Mirabilite 32, 

Molybdenite 

Mordenite 

Morenosite 


8 
(> 
61 
18 
64 
10 
42 
55 


Muscovite 20,  32,  61 

Natrolite 44, 58 

Niccolite •■;    '* 

Nitre 32,54 

Octahedrite 46,61 

Oligoclase 48,  61 

Omphacite •••  «»1 

Opa) 46,61 

Orpiinent ••  ^:* 

Orthoclose 48,61 


14 


Jeflferisite  . 
Johannite  ■ 


30 
26 


Kalinite 34,55 

Kaolinite 32,59 

Labradorite 48,61 

Lapis  Lazuli •  •  •  ^» 

Laumontite ^o>  °'* 

Lazulite 44,59 

Lead 10 

Leidyite ••••  f^ 

Lepidolite 36,00 

Leucopyrite •'••  i» 

Limonite ^f  ^* 


Ozocerite . 


20 


24 
24 
IS 
36 
59 
12 


Palagonite 

Penninite 

Petzite, 

Phlogopite 

Picrolite 

Platinum ,.  „. 

Polybasite 14.64 

PreWte    48,59 

Proustite ^A  9^ 

Pseudomalachite •••  ^» 

Psilomelane 1°.  ^ 

Pyrargyrite -^A"^ 

Pyrite..; « 

Pyrolusite ••••  ^.V 

Pyromorphite ^°.  "!■ 

Pyrophyflite •■••■30,59 

Pyroxene *■'>  *^»"!: 

Pyrrhotite • " 


Quartz . 


.50,61 


Rhodonite. 


Ripidolite •;-•■" 

Rutile..» 20,00, 


61 
61 


' 


I 


FAOB. 

57 

10,  42 

20 

16 

42,  fil 

10 

„ 8 

(> 

61 

18 

32,  64 

10 

42 

55 

20,  32,61 

44,58 

6 

32,64 

46,(51 

48,61 

01 

40,61 

24 

48,61 

20 

24 

24 

18 

36 

59 

12 

14,  64 

48,59 

22,64 

, 26 

18,  20 

22,63 

6 

10 

38,61 

30,59 

42,44,61 

6 

50,61 

1"  61 

6u 

20,50,61 


INDEX. 


75 


'■ 


PAOI. 

8al-Ammoniac 32,  54 

Scheelite •••  <'| 

Schorlomit* »A  "i- 

Scorodite...- 40,69 

sopiolite •••   34 

Serpentine 3  .  W 

Siderite 40,5' 

Silver ».  "^ 

Siphylite "20 

Smaftite 10,14 

Smectite 30,  65) 

SmitliBonite 42,  67 

Sodalite 46, 61 

Sphalerite 18,20.24,40,61 

Spinel 62,61 

Spodumene ^°i  ^J 

Staurolite •••52,  61 

Stephanite 12, 14,  61 

Stibnite ••••  12 

Stilbite ^8,59 

Stilpnomelane 20,  38,  o\) 

Stolzite •••  JJ| 

Stromeyerite 14,  «i 

Strontianite 40, 60 

Succinite 34,  os 

Sulphur • ••••  24 

Sylvanite 10,62 

Talc 30,01 

TantaUte 16 


PAoa. 

Telltfriam 8 

Tenorite lo 

Tetradymite 1" 

Tetrahedrite 12 

Thomsonite 44,  59 

Thuringite 26 

Titauito 44,  61 

Topaz 52,  61 

Tourmaline  50,  61 

Tremolite 61 

Triphylite 40,  61 

Tscnermigite 30 

Turquois 46,  59 

Uraninite 26 

Vesuvianite 56,  61 

Vivianite 28 

Wavellite  • 59 

Whitneyite ^ 

Vv  iiitsiiiile "i  ■" 

Witherite 40,  50 

Wolframite 20 

Wollastonite 42,  01 

Vulfenite  .., 30,  01 

Zincite 22 

Zircon 52,01 

Zoisitc 40, 01 


■'J 
! 
i 


I  r 


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4 


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C.  GILBERT  WHEELER. 

1878. 


I» 


MINERALOGICAL  CHART 


BY 


C.  GILBERT  WHEELER, 

Professor  in  the  University  of  Chicago.    Formerly  Assistant 
State  Geologist  of  Missouri. 


The  Chart  consists  of  over  two  hundred  colored  illustrations  of  mineral 
species,  including  all  the  most  important  and  typical  groups. 

The  plates  are  not  printed  in  colors,  but  are  lithographs,  carefully  and 
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The  minerals  are  correctly  reproduced,  not  only  in  form  and  color,  but 
also  in  lustre. 

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i 


ART 


--t  —  i 


srly  Assistant 


ations  of  iniaeral 

hp,  carefully  and 
ontific  illustration 
e  execution  is  of  a 
IS  the  monographs 

rm  and  color,  but 

.  of  stratigraphical 
tions  of  crystallo- 

en  by  twenty-four 
tf  the  Chart.  This 
h  some  additional 
in  Natural  History 
ensive  to  meet  the 
ally  ordered  upon 
id  admit  of  being 
t.  When  ordered 
ase  a  text-book  is 

Spanish,  French, 

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sxamination. 


' 


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utlines  furnished  by 


y 


